The occurrence and consequences of microplastics and nanoplastics in fish gastrointestinal tract

Many recent researches have been conducted on the contamination of microplastics and nanoplastics in marine environment, focusing incidence these elements ingested by fish. Numerous fish species found to contain their gastrointestinal tracts. This is a cause for concern when are consumed humans where > 20% food consumption 1.4 billion people representing 19% global population, seafood. The aim this paper emphasize occurrences implications microplastic nanoplastic bioaccumulation biomagnification species. will review findings how concentration tracts detrimental influences fish, other animals, humans. Past studies that there 37 having tracks. These contaminated be distributed broad geographical area ranging from Adriatic Sea Baltic Tokyo Bay. bioaccumulation, nanoplastics, toxins chemical leaching plastic additives high potential health consequences consumers higher trophic levels. Examples include accumulation polystyrene liver intestines may toxicity, inflammation lipid accumulation, oxidative stress alterations metabolic profiles as well disturbance energy metabolism Exposure water can affect hatching performance eggs result histopathological alteration intestinal hepatic tissues Microplastics induce stress, distal bowel changes minimize individual predator reaction